A study that includes data about every member of a target population is known as what?

A study that includes data about every member of a target population is referred to as a census. A census aims to gather comprehensive information from all individuals or units within the specified population, ensuring full representation. This allows researchers to obtain accurate insights and statistics that reflect the characteristics of the entire population without sampling error.

In contrast, a survey typically involves collecting data from a subset of the population, which is known as a sample. A case study focuses on an in-depth analysis of a particular individual or group, providing detailed qualitative insights rather than broad quantitative data. Therefore, the term that accurately describes a study involving every member of a target population is indeed a census.