What is the process called when a relatively small number of elements are selected from a larger defined group to make judgments about that group?

The process of selecting a relatively small number of elements from a larger defined group to make judgments about that entire group is known as sampling. Sampling is a fundamental technique in research and data analysis that allows researchers to make inferences about a population without needing to collect data from every individual within that population.

By carefully selecting a representative subset through various sampling methods (like random sampling, stratified sampling, etc.), researchers can obtain insights that are generalizable to the entire group. This approach not only saves time and resources but also helps in minimizing the potential biases that may arise if the entire population were to be surveyed.

Other options may involve different aspects of research activities. Population analysis refers to an examination of the characteristics of a population but does not specifically focus on selecting elements to make predictions. Quota selection is a non-probabilistic sampling method that ensures certain characteristics are represented in the sample, but it is not as broadly applicable as the general concept of sampling. Data collection encompasses all methods of gathering information, which includes sampling as one of its techniques. Thus, sampling specifically addresses the act of selecting a portion of a population to draw conclusions about it.