What is the term for a type of bias that occurs in a research study regardless of whether a sample or census is used?

The correct term for a type of bias that arises in a research study, regardless of whether a sample or census is employed, is nonsampling error. This type of error can occur due to various factors that may affect the accuracy and reliability of the data collected, independent of the method of data collection (sample or census). It can stem from issues such as measurement errors, data processing errors, nonresponse errors, and bias in survey design or execution.

Nonsampling errors impact the overall validity of the research findings because they can lead to systematic inaccuracies that do not diminish with the use of larger or more comprehensive samples. Therefore, understanding nonsampling error is crucial for researchers, as it emphasizes the importance of rigorous methodology and careful consideration of all steps in research, ensuring the collection of accurate and credible data.