Which sampling method involves selecting participants based on specific quotas regarding characteristics like age or gender?

The sampling method that involves selecting participants based on specific quotas regarding characteristics such as age or gender is quota sampling. This technique ensures that the sample reflects certain traits of the population by establishing a predetermined number of participants (quota) for each subgroup defined by these characteristics. For instance, if a researcher wants to ensure that both males and females are adequately represented in the study, they may set a quota that includes an equal number of participants from each gender before conducting the research.

By focusing on specific characteristics, quota sampling can enhance the representativeness of the sample for those particular attributes, which can be critical for studies where these traits are relevant to the research questions. The methodology also aids in managing the sample composition in a way that aligns with the demographics of the target population, allowing for more informed conclusions.

The other sampling methods listed do not involve establishing quotas for characteristics. Simple random sampling selects participants randomly without regard to specific traits, probability sampling includes various methods that employ random selection for representation, and randomized sampling typically refers to processes that ensure randomness but may not strictly adhere to quotas.